classroom management plan for grades 7-12 :: essays research papers

trendroom Management Plan for Day one of distinguish (for grades 7-12)Classroom ProceduresEntering the ClassroomStudents go out add into the classroom quietly and in an orderly port without running. They exit unload their backpacks as quickly and quietly as possible and begin to prepare for the day. eradicate of Class DismissalStudents forget be allowed to leave the classroom only when the teacher says so. The students entrust leave the classroom quietly and in an orderly fashion without running or shoving.Bell WorkBell practise will be utilized every day. When each student enters the classroom and gets compensated into their seat, they will pull out their bell work folder and begin the assignment that is written on the board under the title bell work.Quieting the ClassWhen the teacher wants to quiet the class she will clap once. The first clap will be the warning clap that will signal to the students that it is time to settle down. The teacher will then clap twice. By the time the second clap is done, the students should be completely quiet.Taking Class RollRoll will be taken at the beginning of each class period after the bell signaling the beginning of class has sounded. A student will be assigned to do this each week.Class MottoThe class motto, Failure is not an option, will be posted at the net of the chalkboard and never erased. The motto will be referred to at the discretion of the teacher.Collecting Seat WorkSeat work will be collected according to the configuration of the desks. The U shaped seating arrangement will be used in the classroom. All papers will be direct to the ends of the U and then collected there by the teacher. Turning in WorkAll other work that is not designated as seat work such as tests, worksheets, or essays will be turned in on the teachers desk where there will be a basket for each class period. Notes from HomeStudents should gives their notes from home directly to the teacher who will then read the note and place i t into her file folder labeled, notes from homeRestroom BreaksRestroom breaks will be allowed only when extreme circumstances warrant them such as vomiting, a pen bursting and creating a mess, or a note form a parent specifying that their child needs to use the restroom due to some illness. Going to LunchStudents will go to the cafeteria in a straight line, quietly, term keeping their hands to themselves.

Oil Drilling in the Artic National Wildlife Refuge Essay -- Argumentat

Oil Drilling in the Artic National Wildlife Refuge The briny issue presented in my research involves the debate between environmentalists and the United States government on whether to open and develop a portion of the Artic National Wildlife Refuge (ANWR) in the northern coastal plain of Alaska for the purpose of drilling for oil. Environmentalists argue that opening up this region of ANWR to future oil drilling would destroy the current ecosystems, fragmentise animal habitats and adversely change the lives of the peck in these local anaesthetic communities. Proponents of oil drilling in this region argue that all the issues presented by the environmentalist groups atomic number 18 not valid and they have no scientific facts to support their argument. Proponents of this issue point to the successful Prudhoe Bay oil exploration, which has produced nearly 13 billion barrels, or, 20 to 25 percent of the oil produced in the United States for the last 23 years. President George Bush recently indicated that he is renewing his campaign to open mathematical function of the Artic refuge to oil exploration, contending that oil drilling is essential to the national security of the United States and would create jobs on a national and local level. George Bush support his campaign by stating in a recent article America is already using more vim consequently our domestic resources can grant and unless we act to increase our energy independence, our reliance of foreign sources of energy will only increase. (w1) He also indicated from the same article saying Alaskans know firsthand that modern technology allows us to bring oil to the surface cleanly and safely, while protecting our environment and wildlife. (w2) His proposed energy plan also includes modernizing other energy del... ...ANWR based on geologic surveys. This oil discovery would greatly reduce our dependency for foreign oil supply, create jobs on a national and local level and put more money in the local e conomics by the increase in the tax base for Alaska. It appears based on the info I accumulated that with the newest technology in oil development would allow the oil to be brought to the surface and distributed in a clean and safe manner. If the people of the coastal plain are not affected negatively by oil development and the wildlife can co-exist in a positive manner then I would support future oil development in the Artic National Wildlife Refuge. Bibliography W3 www.anwr.orgwww.alaskawild.orgReuters by Steve Holland Bush says U.S. Needs to Drill for oil in Alaska. Sat. Feb 23,2002 Taken from www.story.news.yahoo.comW1 & W2 www.foxnews.comwww.bushnews.com

Graduation Speech: Our Next Big Climb :: Graduation Speech, Commencement Address

Class of 2012, weve finally made it, but not without the help of our parents, teachers and mentors along the way. Maybe what they did for us was that they were a good rudder and were the ship, and they got us to the sea where we remember who we are. Because we all grasp in that fog, where we forget who we are or what were about, we get overwhelmed. I mean Ive been in that location plenty of times in my life. But were not overtaking to remember most of our lives until the end. But we depart remember certain moments. Maybe its our first 4.0 news report card, maybe its our first 100 percent biology test, maybe its our first homerun, our first touchdown. Whatever it may be, it will stay with us forever. Many of us have been together through elementary, middle and high school, and we have all had to exercise hard and remain focused to be where we are today. All replace happens in a minute. Your life changes in a moment. Something triggers you and you finally make a decision and it all shifts. As years go by, your body is going to change, your relationships are going to change, your attitude is going to change. Change is automatic, but progress is not. Our progress has brought us here tonight, and tonight will become one of those moments that we will cherish forever. I have been in the martial arts for about 12 years now, and I remembered my martial arts instructor, Mr. Charles Pearson, sitting everybody down during a black belt testing and telling us, Earning a black belt is very much like climbing a mountain. You work hard, and eventually youll work your way up to the top. But once youre there, your journey is not over it simply has just begun. And you realize that there are some other mountains for you to climb. As I now reflect back, I realize that school is very much the same. Our first mountain was a long, yet a fun, 12-year climb. Like all of the other unforgettable moments, this climb, in about 90 minutes or so will come to an end. We have finally rea ched our high school mountain top, and for a lot of us our next big climb may be to go to college. And for some of us, our next big climb may be to get a job, to travel around the world, start a new business, or even a career.

My Native Language Essays -- Russian Personal Narrative Communication

My Native Language Is your native language something you take for granted? Well, for me it has been a struggle a struggle with history, politics, society, and myself. yet something guided me through it. I dont know what you intoxicated about my native land Belarus. For most of the world it is a new country, as four centuries of sedate Russian assimilation devastated Belarusian culture. But some of it managed to survive, mostly in the villages. This shaped my biography. Although I was born in a city in the western part of then Byelorussian SSR1, the first six years of my life I spent in a village with my grandparents. I remember the manmade old woody gate to the orchard. I remember noises of storks on the roofs of the houses and frogs croaking in the evening. I remember the sounds of whistling ts, dz, tough ch, r, dzh people made while talking. Volya... I would hear from my great-grandparents, and I would feel proud as this word also meant freedom. All of those sounds seemed to come from nature, creating feeling of harmony and peace.At the age of six, like thousands of other children in the 16 Republics of the Soviet Union, I entered a school in my native town, Brest. It was at school I noticed I spoke a contrary dialect than the other children. They said I had bad grammar and pronounced words in strange, village ways, ways they used to correct. I felt ashamed because of my deprivation of education. In those soviet 80s, for the city people village was almost a derogatory word. Little by little, I learned to speak correctly. But during vacations I went back to the village, and the world there worked in other sounds in another language. I would no longer accept that language as it stood for som... ...an culture, I rump afford it, because I am out of the country for most of the year. My parents use Belarusian in the city themselves when I am in Belarus. As for strangers, I chose to surprise them, sometimes meeting resistance or anger, s ometimes recieveing thanks and cheers. It is a battle every time I leave my apartment in Brest. It is hard to get used to. But sometimes that what it takes to be who you are. When I visit my grandmother, she laughs Remember, when you were a kid you used to correct me when I said stork in Belarusian to stork in Russian, saying that now you knew how to say it correctly. Old people also know something about life.ENDNOTESI use a different spell out of Belarus and Belarusian when I refer to the Soviet era, as before 1991 the countrys name was translated to English from Russian as Byelorussia or Byelorussian SSR.

The Godfather: Michael Vs. Sonny Essay -- essays research papers

The Godfather Michael Vs. blokeAt a first glance Michael and Sonny appear to be quite different. Uponfurther observation, however, they have some similarities. Although they argondifferent in areas of personality, values, and their tempers, they are similarin areas of loyalty, their respect for their father, and their strong familyties.Their personalities are quite different. Sonny is brash and arrogant,where Michael is calm and cool. When Don Corleone was in the hospital and Sonnyis in charge, the family got kind of careless. He doesnt seem to care whatcould happen receivable to his actions. He wants to kill the police captain anddoesnt think about the repercussions. Tom has to tell him that it wouldnt begood to kill a cop, but they end up doing it anyway. I think Michael was pushedinto it because of his loyalty to the family. He is more calculating in manner.Near the end when he takes care of all the family business on the twenty-four hours of theBaptism is a prime example of th is. Because he was this way, the objects of hisviolence had no idea that it was coming.Their values are another way that they differ. Michael is a man ofhonor. He doesnt fertilize around having affairs with different women. He onlymarries twice because his first wife was killed in the explosion. Sonny is anadulterer. He is with another women during his sisters wedding, along with a a couple of(prenominal) other times throughout t...

The Godfather: Michael Vs. Sonny Essay -- essays research papers

The Godfather Michael Vs. SonnyAt a first glance Michael and Sonny appear to be quite different. Uponfurther observation, however, they have nearly similarities. Although they aredifferent in areas of personality, values, and their tempers, they are similarin areas of loyalty, their respect for their father, and their strong familyties.Their personalities are quite different. Sonny is brash and arrogant,where Michael is calm and cool. When Don Corleone was in the hospital and Sonnyis in charge, the family got kind of careless. He doesnt seem to care whatcould happen due to his actions. He wants to kill the police captain anddoesnt think slightly the repercussions. Tom has to tell him that it wouldnt begood to kill a cop, but they end up doing it anyway. I think Michael was pushedinto it because of his loyalty to the family. He is more astute in manner.Near the end when he takes care of all the family business on the day of theBaptism is a prime example of this. Because he was thi s way, the objects of hisviolence had no idea that it was coming.Their values are another way that they differ. Michael is a man ofhonor. He doesnt run around having affairs with different women. He onlymarries in two ways because his first wife was killed in the explosion. Sonny is anadulterer. He is with another women during his sisters wedding, along with afew other times throughout t...

Gender Equality and Environmental Sustainability in Uganda’s Water Sector

GENDER EQUALITY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY IN UGANDAS WATER SECTOR. By Nandala Mike(emailprotected com) 1. 0INTRODUCTION 1. 1Essence of sexual practice, Gender E musical note and the purlieu Gender refers to the different roles, rights and responsibilities of custody and women and the relationships between them, their qualities, behaviours, and identities which argon determined through the do work of socialisation to define their relationships with each former(a) and with their surround.Gender comparability on the other hand is a principle that equates men and women before and under the law men and women read equal dignity (worthiness) and chip in equal opportunities in economic, political, pagan and social livelihood. It is upon this background that the relationships and rights enjoyed by men and women foster decision making and activities that in turn endure been affected in both the instruction and sustainability of the environment. It has been sight that there is an undesirable imbalance that has existed between men and women resulting in in adapted performance of the letter of their roles.Often this has slowed down development initiatives leading to adverse effects on the environment. 1. 2 Significancy of pissing system in well-disposed and Economic culture Water is a key strategic election, vital for sustaining life, promoting development and maintaining the environment. Access to clean and safe pee and improved sanitisation facilities and practices argon pre-requisites to a health/population and therefore have a direct refer on the quality of life and productivity of the population.Besides internal pissing run, water is excessively vital for Livestock Water Supply, Industrial Water Supply, Hydropower generation, culture, Marine Transport, Fisheries, Waste Discharge, Tourism, and Environmental Conservation. Water, therefore, significantly carrys to the theme socio-economic development and also poverty eradication (UNWD, 2005) Water is thus an integral part of the natural resources protected under the Uganda Constitution. 1. 3 organization Committement.Over the last two decades, government has act itself to the implementation of public vault of heaven reforms meant to ensure sustainable development, through legislative and policy framingworks anchored on three key policies, namely Decentralisation, Privatisation and Divestiture and the Poverty Eradication activity blueprint (PEAP), These were intended to reduce the burden of the nations concern for income generating resources and practices. The PEAP was prep ared in 1997 in a move to eradicate poverty as an boilers suit national planning mannequin.It has since been revised through 2007/8 and based on five pillars, namely (1) Economic vigilance (2) Enhancing production, competitiveness and incomes (3) Security, conflict-resolution and disaster management (4) Good governance and (5) Human development (PEAP 2004/5-2007/8) Water and sanitati on are some of the central elements under pillar one intended to improve the quality of life of the poor through human development. The second pillar points surface a strategy to foster production, incomes and competitiveness through water consumption and production.It also mastermindes actions to empower and strengthen womens sexual activity awareness and kick upstairsmore points out inadequacies aimed at capacity building in the application of skills, limited choice in the decisions about the nature of services received and pauperisationed by women, less efforts in community sexual urge awareness campaigns, weaknesses among decision makers including stick up in superintendence and monitoring thus leading to reasons for low grammatical sexual urge responsiveness in the water sector. Which way forward?With this background, this Article addresses key policy and legal frame works in the water sector, sexual urge and environmental impact assessment of water resources which h ave been developed and supported by various laws, sector performance, desegregation of gender into environment and sustainable development, issues of particular concern, and recommendations. 2. 0Policy, Legal and Institutional Frameworks 2. 1Policy The policy objectives of the Government of Uganda for the Water and Sanitation sector are at two levels first, the domestic consumption and secondly, water for production.At the domestic level, the objective is to provide sustainable safe water and hygienic sanitation facilities, within easy reach, based on management tariff and ownership by users, to 77% of the population in agricultural areas and 100% in urban areas by year 2015. Concerning water for production, the aim is to gain development of water supply for agricultural production in order to modernise agriculture and mitigate effects of climatic variations on rain federal official agriculture (MWLE, 1999).In essence, the overall policy objective is to manage and develop the wa ter resources of Uganda in an integrated and sustainable manner, so as to secure and provide capable quantity and quality of water for all social and economic call for of the present and future generations. The Government aims at full connection of all stakeholders with an 80-90% butt joint for efficacious use and functionality of facilities. Other policy measures have also been put in place by the Environment and Natural Resources Sector Working separate which commissioned a study on the use of economic instruments for environmental management.Curbing water pollution was a key implementation factor for environmental sustainability. In 1998, the government introduced a water waste discharge fee ranging from 0 to 13 million Ugandan shillings ($0 to $7,000) in proportion to the biological type O demand load. The fees were meant to encourage investment in less polluting technologies. The legislation required that companies register for discharge permits before dumping industrial waste water. 2. 2Legal FrameworkThe major Instruments relevant to the Water Sector that provide the enabling legal mannikin for the water resources management and development in Uganda include the Constitution, which provides the broad legal and policy framework within which all water sector legislation, policies and development plans are developed the subject Environment Act,(1995), it provides the framework for coordinated and sound management of the environment including environmental impact assessment of water resources related projects and setting water quality and effluent standards the Local Government Act, which provides for the decentralisation of functions, powers, responsibilities and services to Local Governments Uganda Water activity Plan (1995) the Water Resources Regulations and Waste Water Discharge Regulations (1998), providing for the regulation of water abstraction and waste water discharge through the use of permits the National Water Policy (1999), indicating the policy framework for water resources management and development in Uganda. Other related legal policies include the National Gender Policy (1997) Plan for Modernisation of Agriculture (PMA) and Water and Sanitation Gender Strategy (2003-2008). The policies and legal framework outlined above, are forward-looking in intention, for socio-economic, development strategies of the Government of Uganda and have supported various reforms in the water sector which has enabled government, to put in good order and rationalise the countrys resource utilisation. The question is, are these policies fully implemented? What is the implementation stand at local government and community levels?There are challenges regarding definition of roles and responsibilities, capacity and coordination of men and women, as healthful as collaboration for improved performance especially at government and community levels (MWLE, 2005). There is also need to review some provisions of the laws to mix regulato ry functions and allow equal participation of men and women, in the water sector. (1)Institutional and Implementation Framework The water sector is structured at three apparent levels namely (a) the national, (b) decentralised or local government level and (c) the micro or user level. (a)National level At the national level, a Ministry of Water, Lands and Environment (MWLE) was created in 1996 following Government restructuring of line Ministries.This institution is charged with overall responsibility for initiating national policies and setting national standards and priorities for water development and management. Two national institutions are under this Ministry The National Water and Sewerage Corporation (NWSC) and Directorate of Water Development (DWD). At implementation level, the Water and Sanitation Sector Working assemblage (WSSWG) which is under the Ministry of Water and Environment (MWE) provides policy and technical foul guidance for sector development in the country a pproves all sector programmes, including work-plans and budgets. The sector comprises representatives from Development Partners and Non-Governmental Organisations and Government.The National Water and Sewerage Corporation (NWSC), was complete in 1972 with responsibility to deliver water supply and sewerage services in 15 urban centres divine service 2. 1 million people. These centres are Entebbe, Kampala, Jinja /Njeru, Mbale, Tororo, Soroti, Gulu, Lira, Arua, Masaka, Mbarara, Fort Portal, Kasese, Bushenyi/Ishaka and Kabale. The Directorate of Water Development is the leading water sector agency trusty for policy guidance, setting standards, co-ordinating and monitoring, sector reporting, and undertaking sector relevant research and development. DWD is also creditworthy for managing water resources including provision of oversight and support services to the local governments and other water supply service providers. DWD, 1991-2001 ) Other national level institutions that do imp ortant roles in the Water and Sanitation sector include Ministry of Finance, Planning and Economic Development (MFPED), responsible for the mobilisation and al place of financial resources including co-ordination of donor inputs and the privatization process Ministry of Health (MOH), for promotion of hygiene and abode sanitation Ministry of Education and Sports(MoE), charged with promotion of sanitation and hygiene education in schools Ministry of Agriculture, Animal industry and Fisheries (MAAIF), responsible for planning, coordination and implementation of all agriculture development in the country including irrigation development, aquaculture, and livestock development Ministry of Gender and Social Development, which addresses gender responsive development and community mobilisation and NGOs working in the sector. (b)District level The District and Local Government levels as a whole, are responsible for the provision and management of water and sanitation services in rural are as and urban areas outside the jurisdiction of NWSC, in liaison with DWD. Their functions, responsibilities and powers differ according to the pointedness of decentralization so far implemented for both rural and urban water. Planning, implementation and operational management of water and sanitation activities in major towns uphold the function of NWSC. However, of 143 small towns with a population of 1. million, 66 have been gazette as water supply areas, 61 of these have operational piped water supplies and schemes, of which 57 are managed by private sector water operators. Planning and implementation for water supply systems in small towns is still centralized at national level (MWLE 2005). Operation and fear is decentralised to the urban authorities and private operators through public-private partnership arrangements. The district water offices operate within the overall framework of the district local councils. The district offices are staffed with a multi- skilled team, i n planning, hygiene education and social aspects. The district water team reports to the Works and skillful/Services sub-committees of their respective local governments.At county level, technical officers have been posted to facilitate planning and supervision of construction works and overseeing maintenance of installed supplies. The communities are responsible for demanding for, planning, operate and maintaining water and sanitation facilities. (c)The Micro or User level At sub-county level, planning, implementation and operation and maintenance of the rural water and sanitation facilities are organised. These communities are also obliged to pay for urban water and sanitation services provided by NWSC and other service providers. Development of low-cost technology options such as springs, shallow wells, rainwater-harvesting tanks and school latrines are undertaken.The district water office and national level technical teams support the sub-counties to carry out water resources assessment to position potential areas for water development and sanitation services. The sub-counties assess the demand for water and sanitation services by the communities. This is based on population size and placement and functionality of the existing facilities. At community level, the citizens are supposed to participate in the planning, financing, implementation, monitoring and control of community water and sanitation development. Communities submit requests/applications to the sub county for support towards water improvements. These are then forwarded to the district However, the level of community participation is less than the partnership, which it is meant to be.Women who are majority users of Water resources constitute just a smattering of people, dropd by men in openinging and managing these resources. The initial programme design and implementation under many previous projects does not fully address gender equity participation. 3. 0Integration of gender into Env ironment and sustainable development in the water sector In order to avert the rapid degradation of the environment, Uganda developed a National Environment Action Plan (neap), 1995, that adapted a gender approach in planning the long-term investment of managing the natural resources in the country. The NEAP makes a strong commission to addressing environment problems and to sustainable development in a comprehensive manner.The plan also argues for participatory approaches to environmental planning and the integrating of gender analysis. The Uganda National Environment Management Authority (NEMA) is charged with formulating national environment policies and providing guidance in the implementation, including environment impact assessment, and environment education and culture in environment management. The main purpose of incorporating gender in the environment management policies was to enable men and women perform their duties in the best cost efficacious methods which will co nserve the environment, accelerate sustainable development that would improve peoples way of living.To achieve the above objectives there was need to formulate activities, which would contribute to the integrated promotion of sustainable livelihoods and environmental protection, covering various sectoral interventions involving a range of actors, from decentralised or local government level to lower levels, that are essential at every stage especially at the grassroots levels in the rural areas with special emphasis on the disadvantaged groups like women and youths. 4. 0ISSUES OF particular(prenominal) CONCERN 4. 1Equitable access to water supply Access to safe drinking water is a basic human right and essential for achieving gender comparability and sustainable development. Most households, especially at community levels do not have adequate access to water and the children and especially women, walk long distances to realise water for domestic use.Water near the home contribute significant improvements in nutrition and health. The carrying of water over long distances is a health hazard. During daily water collection, women and girls face the risk of rape and injuries from attacks. A major issue associated with poor water supply and sanitation is a case with the Internally Displaced Persons(IDPs) camps, in Federal Uganda which involves high risks of sexual violence and abuses committed primarily against women and girls, a danger often caused by insufficient water supply and sanitation facilities within the camps which inhale movements to get water from far areas and at homes poor hygienic conditions.Over crowding, poor water pressure and scummy water pumps accelerate the crisis (Diane Paul, 2006) Access to fresh water and sanitation therefore, does not only improve the health of a family, but it also provides an opportunity for girls to go to school, and for women to use their time more productively than in fetching water. Women in most cases are prima rily responsible for the use and management of water resources, sanitation and health at the household level. Over the years, women have accumulated an impressive store of environmental wisdom, being the ones to find water, to educate children in hygiene matters and to understand the impact of poor sanitation on health and the environment.Very often the decision about location of water sources, types of water sources, and who will maintain the operation of the facilities are made without consulting women resulting in no-one taking responsibility. Men, who mainly dominate the operations and maintenance of facilities in the water sector often do not fully implement decisions and actions thus the need to involve more women. 4. 2Equitable access to land rights and water for productive use Equitable access to water for productive use empowers women and addresses the root causes of gender inequality. Lack of access (ownership) to land, is seen as an underlie cause of womens limited acces s to water.In Uganda, women technically have little control and ownership on land under customary law in many of the Uganda ethnic societies statutory (national) law, there is, however, no discrimination. According to MFPED (2006), women own only 7% of the registered land in Uganda, a situation which affects gender mainstreaming in the Water sector, as women lack control over resources and therefore have limited decision making over issues like the silting of water sources, maintenance of broken pumps/taps/damaged bore holes/ water tanks and use of water for production. Land ownership is a precondition for access to water. Thus, land reforms that allocated legal land promote to the heads of households or permanent agricultural workers (who are generally male) resulted in women losing any legal claim to water.There is need of water for a range of small exfoliation economic enterprises, like home gardens in peri-urban areas growing fruits poultry farming preparing nutrient, (which are some times overlooked in agricultural statistics). Overall, the Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO) reports an increasing feminisation of agriculture due to wars, pandemics and the exodus of men seeking paid work in urban areas. Also mentioned is the fact that women are heads of an increasing number of rural households in the developing world and find themselves in the position of managing farm land and providing for their families alone, without legal rights to water and land. 4. 3Equity and Participation in the management of resources in the water sector The management of water resources has been mainly male dominated.Men occupy a bigger portion in careers and training in water management than do women. Social barriers tend to restrict womens participation in public consultations that can influence policies on water at all levels of water management. This prevents women voices from being effectively heard, particularly with respect to their environmental concerns and also results to limited effectiveness of water, sanitation and hygiene promotion efforts . Usually it is men who make the decisions over water management and sanitation issues and yet it is women who are usually in greater need for sanitation privacy and responsible for water, sanitation and hygiene.It is worth noting that the process of formulating the Water and Sanitation Sub-Sector Strategy (2010/11-2014/15), which began in 2003-2008 (Water Sector Gender Strategy-WSGS,WSGS ), served as the first strategic framework for implementing Ugandas National Gender Strategy within the powers of the Ministry of Water and Environment (MWE). The WSGS I was developed in response to the various international commitments made by the Government of Uganda regarding gender equality and the National Gender Policy (1997). The strategy was aimed at developing and empowering approaches that would enhance gender equity, participation and access to and control of resources in the water sector.The strategy fu rther put emphasis on both internal and external gender mainstreaming including building capacity for gender planning, monitoring and evaluation strengthening the capacities of partners and executing bodies for mainstreaming and committing adequate resources for gender related activities. This is an outstanding move with good intentions of formulating gender equity and participation but unless the Ministry of Water and Environment comprehensively and consistently puts focus on gender concerns, gender mainstreaming in the water sector will not penetrate deeply into matters of policy and legislation. 4. 4Issues on Sanitation Sanitation refers to the drainage and disposal of sewage. The need to dispose human excreta appropriately is an environmental and social concern in the country. Ignoring it posses adverse impacts on environment cost and on health.Lack of sanitation and poor hygiene are responsible for the transmission of diseases such as cholera, typhoid and other parasitic infec tions. These diseases have a big negative impact on the health and nutrition of communities especially the children. A focus on gender differences is of particular importance with regard to sanitation facilities which needs the attention of women to play crucial roles in influencing the hygiene behaviours of children, and men too can serve as role models in sustaining changes in disposal habits. Hence the success and effective use of water and sanitation facilities largely depend on the involvement of both women and men in selecting the location and technology of such facilities, and taking responsibility for operation and maintenance.Sanitation concerns are mainly emphasized in urban and peri-urban centres and less priotised in the villages or lower communities/households. It is only under the urban and peri-urban strategies that water is straight linked to sanitation. The number of latrines at community level tend to be less as compared to size of the families needed to access th em. Latrines are usually household initiatives sometimes rudimentary in nature. The water sector supply systems are relatively well developed and have mechanisms for delivery whenever necessary as compared to sanitation mostly at community level. There seems to be no well-developed mechanism for sanitation service delivery even at household level. Investment in water supply is highly priotised than sanitation.The reasons why sanitation prioritisation is not key in the water and sanitation sector is because of the difficulty of estimating the sanitation measures especially for rural sanitation where the latrines are merely rudimental with varying degrees of safety which makes it difficult to tag costs of improvements, rehabilitation or construction of such facilities including lack of political commitment to sanitation. It was therefore easy to omit household sanitation and concentrate on institutional sanitation (MWLE 2005). 5. 0Linkages OF GENDER EQUITY with PEAP Goals Gender mains treaming and improved access to water supply has two potential benefits improved service delivery and health. Gender equity in the sector offers better services in the management and maintenance while water-born diseases are important issues of the disease burden in Uganda.The sector goals are in line with PEAP goals as well as the Millennium Development Goals(MDGs). For example, the goals aim at the importance of gender in areas of agricultural production, legal discrimination and wood fuel, shortage of sustainable safe water supply and sanitation facilities, based on management responsibility and ownership by the users. It furthermore mentions inadequacies realised in the capacity to apply gender analysis skills, limited gender awareness among the communities, bureaucratic resistance in decision making and weak support in monitoring and supervision of sector activities as the reasons for low gender responsiveness. 6. 0Implementation ChallengesThe Poverty Eradication Action Plan id entifies the importance of gender mainstreaming in all interventions which include policy planning, formulation, guiding public actions to eradicate poverty and points out inadequacies in applying gender analysis skills, limited gender awareness among the communities, bureaucratic resistance among decision makers and weak support in supervision and monitoring. However, the importance of gender equity is not emphasised in the water and sanitation sector major implementation polices. Focus is targeted on poverty alleviation as an overall concern than gender. This limits coverage on gender issues and implementation. The insurgency in some northeast parts of the country and most especially northern Uganda, not only delays implementation, but also contributes to destruction of existing facilities. This contributes to delays in achieving the targets and the goals of the sector and PEAP.Community gender involvement, while it is a good input for environmental sustainability, remains difficu lt to attain. Attempts have been made to involve the men and women in planning ,maintenance of water and sanitation facilities . The methodologies require a lot of skills and patience, qualities that are still lacking among the sub-county level gracious servants. Women and the youth involvement remains limited as no major efforts have been made to involve them in planning, implementation, monitoring and evaluation. 7. 0The way forward The account has identified some challenges in transforming the water sector to achieve effective and sustainable services for both men and women.Issues concerning gender and their roles in development process and thus environment have not been given adequate attention by development planners. Women are now viewed as a useful resource to be integrated into development process, thus rendering the projects more efficient and successful. What is the way forward for Uganda to ensure that gender issues are mainstreamed in environment and development plans, projects and actions? 8. 0Issues to be addressed (1)Having water points nearer the homestead will reduce the distance women and girls have to walk, thus allowing time for other activities, including training, childcare, growing food and income generation.The latter could include construction and management of water and sanitation facilities. (2)It is essential that both women and men be involved in decision making processes regarding the provision, location and technology of water and sanitation facilities in the community and household. (3)Government should also address perceived inequalities between women and men through reviewing laws and policies that discriminate against women and also urge Non Government Organisations(NGOs) and the private sector to champion womens cause, which might increase women access to land and more decision-making powers. (4)Women groups should be accorded recognition as citizens, land holders and contributors to the development process.They need to ha ve secure access to land and water for domestic use, in addition to productive use in farming including small scale industries. (5)Incorporate gender analysis into all development plans, projects and actions, by encouraging the development of new skills and expertise within an Integrated Water Resources Management framework, linking social and gender aspects with the ecological, technical and economic dimensions of water management with special attention at community level. (6)The water sector should change the attitude of value system in party favor of only men, and develop positive perceptions about women as competent professionals just like their male counterparts. 7)Capacity building for all women should be geared towards effective participation in local governances and sustainable development. Women politicians should be strengthened to enable them represent women interests regarding water and sanitation management and maintenance. (8)The water sector should fill all establishe d posts equitably for better performance. It has been found that projects in which women and men have an equal say have a better chance for sustainability and success because they cater for the needs of every one. (9)The legislation on industrial water discharge permits be amended to require all companies / major water polluters to register for discharge permits. 10)A ad hoc percentage of investment in water supply should be dedicated to promotion of sanitation and hygiene initiatives for the welfare of the users and protection of the environment. 9. 0Conclusion The water and sanitation sector has developed elaborate mechanisms and capacity at national, district and community levels for planning and managing sector activities which includes gender and environment issues to a large extent. However, in order to address strategic gender needs, there is a need to introduce fundamental changes in ideologies and power structures, behavioral attitudes, in government, organisations, compan ies and involve individuals both men and women.

Love’s Last Shift

Loves blend in Shift by Cooley Sibber has something for everybody and therefore it is hailed as the opportunistic work. Its virtues atomic number 18 whiley and it caters to the needs of audience of all types. It highlights the conflicts of the g deather roles. It appeals to the sen quantifynts of men and women both as it is the same old story through the ages It is betwixt him and her.The play doesnt depict that the interests of men and women need to be at the loggerheads always and they should ever remain at war. It concedes that slushy reconciliation is possible, though it leaves the police van and minds of parties involved in the conflicts, damaged. This play has been hailed as the Restoration Comedy. It has daring sex scenes and enjoyable farce.From the point of view audience, such family dramas are immensely liked, for each man identifies himself with the male instance and each woman with the female character. And the final reconciliation between the two calms he agitated minds of both male and female. In the supreme analysis, such a favorable result to the conflict is desired and welcomed by both.Summary of the plotAmanda has a unique problem it could as well be the problem of most of the wives. It is about reformation and rehabilitation of her husband. She earnestly desires to control her husband, Loveless, who has been going astray. His only pastime for the last ten years is to budget his time between the brothel and the bottle. He goes to the extent of not recognizing his wife, when he returns to London. She seduces him, acting like a top-class prostitute, at her luxurious house, and Loveless is totally taken by her physical charms and guile. She treats him throughout the night, gives him everything the mad and crazy body-loving, sensuous man desires to have from a woman.The high drama goes on till the morning, when she reveals to him her true identity. The fickle-minded Loveless is greatly impressed by her faithfulness, and a reformed individua l emerges out of his dubious movement that drove laughter from the stage and ushered in the platitudinous sententiousness and dreary exemplars of righteous propriety that abound in eighteen century sentimental buffoonery.(Loves)Loves Last Shift is his first play. (1696) In the meantime, the love-adventures of Sir Novelty, always spellbound with the women, that he comes into contact, add to the humor of the play. His fickle-mindedness and weakness before the feminine charms is understandable by the male audience. The comedy depicts the status and position of the women of that era, and how she worked to maintain the essential dignity of the family life in the trials, tribulations, duty and beauty of her life.Character analysisTaking to consideration to the era to which the play belonged, it needs to get the credit it deserves. The interesting character of Sir Novelty, who flirts with many women, but at the same time remains deeply interested in maintaining his own appearance, is t he example of the then prevailing fashion trends. His witticisms are enjoyable and demand attention. Polygamy is nothing new in a society, but the style in which it is characterized in the play like the role of John Vanbrughs sequel, is thoroughly enjoyable. The play was the hit of the era but has not stood the test of the time.The characters of this sentimental comedy dominated the English stage for nearly a century. Although Cibber move extensively on the comedy of mannershis plays are sometimes said to be four acts of manners comedy followed by one act of sentimental comedy.(Loves) The rest are supportive roles, but each doing justice to the identity of the character to which it was created. The rakish young lover, Sir Noveltys mistress Flareit, Sir Novelty contrive etc.Loves Last Shift confirms to the pattern of three such comedies by Cibber, a husband and wife whose marriage is either in ruins or seriously in jeopardy, which mainly because of the mans failure to appreciate hi s wifes true qualities and his consequent pursuit of extra-marital sexual conquests. In each case, however, the husband is brought to a realization that true bliss is martial, and he, repents and reforms, virtue and bourgeois morality emerge triumphant.(Loves) In the present case, the wife has the taste of perfumed revenge against her erring husband.ConclusionLoves Last Shift is Cibbers first play. He has often been accused of marking the beginning of the end of true comedy. Cultural historians would prefer to see his comedies as a symptom of the decisive social, political, and economic changes that took place during his lifetime, but there is no doubt that Cibber did more than to transform comic drama in those years of transition between 1690 and 1710 during which the essentially satirical comedy of manners gave way to the essentially exemplary comedy of sentiments.(Loves)The fact that the play keeps the interest of the audience alive for a century means its characters have got t o be truly exceptional and they must have weaved the supernatural on the stage. As for the criticism in the play, everyone has the right to criticize the prevailing social conditions. The suspenseful and comic sequences when Loveless makes love to his own wife, without being witting of it, are highly amusing. The role of Sir Novelty Fashion is challenging and has capacity to offer still challenge to the modern fashion-designer.References CitedArticle Loves Last Shift (I696), has often been accused of marking the beginning of the end of true comedy. Cultural historians would prefer to seejstor.org/sici?sici=0306-2473(1976)6%3C278%3ATSC(LS%3E2.0.CO%3B2-J Retrieved on May 5, 2008.

Identification of chosen population Essay

Mexico has replaced United States as the most obese country in the Western Hemisphere. The problem of obesity in Mexico has become a global public health challenge and was accepted by the World Health governing body as such in 1997. 70% of Mexicans are overweight while 32.8% of them are obese. 1 out of every 6 Mexicans adults suffer from weight think chronic diseases such as diabetis, heart disease and certain cancers. 70,000 Mexicans die each year from weight related diabetis. 400, 000 new cases of diabetis arise each year.FACTORS THAT capture OBESITY IN THE MEXICAN POPULATIONThe problem of obesity in Mexico is very complex and it is repayable to many factors including social, cultural, epidemiological and environmental factors.SOCIAL FACTORS touch OBESITY IN MEXICANS1. LOW EDUCATION STATUS in that respect is much lack of knowledge of what nutritive viandss are and what the dour term effects from have unhealthy victualss are. There is also lack of knowledge about the impac t physical exercise can have on health as soundly as what kind of exercise and how often it should be done. 2. EMPLOYMENT STATUSPeople who work long hours have no time for shopping for alimental feed and also for cooking at home. Therefore they rely on processed, fried, tall fat, high sugar, high calorie foods and high sugary beverages that are slatternly entreeible. 3. POVERTYOne of the major social factors influencing obesity in Mexico is poverty. Poverty predicts the place of residence which is usually in insecure communities. Living in grave neighborhoods means children stay indoors not be able to go outside and play. They resort to watching TV and playing computer games. Poverty makes it challenging to buy foods that are healthier, low calorie and much nutritive because it is more expensive.Long hours of work means less time for food preparation at home, shopping for groceries and physical practise. Lack of money and transportation lead to children being unable to participate in sports, recr run downional activities and youth programs. Poverty also leads to straining which compels mess to focus on the immediate concerns rather than risk of long term chronic disease. EPIDEMIOLOGICAL FACTORS bear upon OBESITY IN MEXICANS1. AGEMexico ranks scratch line in childhood obesity there are 4.5 million children who are obese. 28% of children between the ages of 5 and 9 are overweight. 38% of teens and preteens between the ages of 10 and 19 are obese or overweight. 2. GENDERMexican females have a higher obesity rate than males (one third females versus one fourth of males). 3. corporeal ACTIVITYPoor physical activity and an join on in inactive life-style. 4. LOW SOCIO-ECONOMIC STATUSMexicans with low socioeconomic status are unable to leave nourishing food, they rely on low cost, processed high-calorie foods and high sugary crapulences. LOW EDUCATION LEVELThey lack knowledge about what foods are nutritious and what the long term effects are of consuming high fat, high sugar, highly processed foods and beverages. MIGRATIONMore Mexicans have moved from rural to urban communities where nutritious food is more expensive, there is less walking or biking due to amplificationd number of cars, there is an increased consumption of coca-cola mainly due to unsafe drinking water supply. Traditional diets that are healthier are abandoned. Traditional continuous physical labor such as farming, factories, mining were abandoned for desk jobs.CULTURAL FACTORS AFFECTING OBESITY IN MEXICANSOvereating now is conditioned by recurrent or past economic deprivation. Avoiding hunger is part of the culture. Traditional nutritious foods manage corn, grains, beans have been abandoned. Foods that could not be afforded in the past and associated with survival are those that now are highly valued like meats, fats, sugars. These foods are also craved because they are associated with a high social status it is a symbol of integration into society. Acc ulturation is also a factor Latinos who take on the set of the white population especially those closer to the United States border, end up eating less fruit, more fried foods. There is also the belief that some(prenominal) happens, happens. They believe that if they are going to get diabetis, they get diabetis. It is meant to happen. Also, the parents expect their kids to clean their plate in order to not waste food which ends up in overeating.ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS AFFECTING OBESITY IN MEXICANSThey reside in low income communities where unhealthy food choices are made due to lots of unshakable food stores. These areas are not safe so they tend to stay indoors and have minimal physical activity. There is limited amount of fresh become and lots of sweets and snack items. Since these areas are not safe, there are few safe areas where children can play therefore they end up watching a lot of TV with no physical activity. The schools they attend have poor PE facilities so there is n ot much physical activity in school. There is also a high exposure to commercials of high sugar, high fat snacks.PAST CONSIDERATIONSObesity rate was much lower in the past as people were doing more manual labor, they were eating more nutritious, home grown grains, beans, corn, fresh vegetables and fruits. The existence of cars was very minimal in the past so people used to bike and walk much more than now.PRESENT CONSIDERATIONSMore and more people have moved from rural areas to urban areas. There is an increase in the number of fast food restaurants and a great increase in the daily caloric intake. Due to unsafe drinking water, there is an increase in high calorie sugary drinks. Mothers fill up baby bottles with coca-cola. The life in urban communities is more sedentary. There is a reliance on less nutritious dies that consist of processed foods that are high in saturated fats, sugar and salt content. Mexicans spent 29.3% less on fruits and vegetables in 1998 than in 1984, while dur ing the same period, purchases of mushy drinks increased by 37.2% (2006). FUTURE CONSIDERATIONSObesity leads to increased mortality rates due to diabeits, hypertension, myocardial infarction. Diabetis is the primary killer of Mexicans. The prevalence of diabetis and the cost it incurs has skyrocketed. It is predicted to overwhelm the Mexican health system in the future. By year 2030, the health system is predicted to collapse 3.24 billion dollars are spent to report these chronic illnesses associated with obesity. GROUPS IN MEXICO MOSTLY AFFECTED BY OBESITYTHE POORPoor Mexicans are unable to afford nutritious food as it is more expensive. More energy-intense foods such as foods high in sugar and fat are cheap and sought after due to lack of money. Coca-cola is consumed instead of water due to unsafe drinking water. THE YOUNGIn the last decade, children obesity rate has tripled. Within the poor classes, the children of the obese parents are malnourished while being programmed to b ecome obese. There is no control in school as to what children eat. Schools are filled with vending machines full of diffused drinks and fast food. Their intake of processed, salty, high fat snacks, refined carbohydrates foods is very high while their intake of vegetables and fruits is very low. Their intake of sugary, high calorie beverages such as coca-cola is very high due to its low price, increased availability and lack of safe drinking water.They live in unsafe communities and are unable to play outside and be active. They draw excess time watching TV, play station time and computer. A lot of parents rely on TV for their children due to lack of childcare this leads to sedentary lifestyle and exposure to unhealthy food commercials. Most public schools lack playgrounds or grounds for exercise. Most public schools, (80%), lack water fountains so they drink sugary drinks. There are few public most parks, swimming pools, play grounds and sidewalks. RECOMMENDATIONS TO IMPROVE1. FO OD LABELINGThere is an urgent need for food labeling that is not confusing and misleading. There is a lack of accurate labeling standards and regulations. Portions sizes and contents are unclear and confusing. The labeling has to be formatted in an easy-to-understand by all consumers even by the less well-educated ones. This will address the social factors the plan will not improve their education level but it will make it easy for them to see if they are purchasing healthy or unhealthy food. This has to be applied to all supermarket shelves, food packaging, restaurants and canteen menus. My recommendation is for the Mexican government to low gear monitoring these food labeling as it is not reinforced by the government today.2. MARKETINGThe heavy consumption of junk foods and sugary drinks can be greatly influenced by the media due to their food related advertisements. 73% of the food commercials are for junk food. There is a need to protect the children from the pervasive effects of the food marketing. This has a powerful effect on their food preference, knowledge on the purchasing habits of children as well as their parents. My recommendation for the Mexican government would be to put in place to mobile phones, Internet, television and in-school promotions. The government should simply ban the advertising of unhealthy food to children and establish a system of pecuniary fines if certain companies deviate from this. This will address the environmental factors if children dont see it they will not buy it. 3. AVAILABILITYJunk food and soft drinks surround children at every step. Vending machines full of high saturated fats, high sugary drinks are all over the school premises and right on outside the schools. No nutritious foods are offered to children in schools. My recommendation is that the central and local Mexican Government should place restrictions on the availability of soft drinks and fast food outlets just like alcohol and smoking restrictions. These restrictions should especially apply to outlets near schools.The increased availability of vegetables and fruits should be highly encouraged especially in schools at an affordable price. Elementary and pre-kindergarten schools should ban junk food from being even allowed to be sold in schools. Low calorie snacks and sugar alleviate drinks should be sold only. This plan will take into considerations environmental, social and epidemiological factors. It will not improve their socio- economic status, but at least nutritious food will be more affordable and available even for the poor. If children will not be surrounded by junk food and soft drinksthey will not buy it. 4.EDUCATION DUE TO LACK OF KNOWLEDGEThe key to this problem in Mexico is to improve their knowledge about bread and butter. This can be done through media since the Mexicans including the children spend hours in front of the TV and through schools. The government should direct media into advocating weight loss programs , healthy eating, the importance of physical exercise, and the long term effects of consuming junk food and soft drinks. The schools need to educate and give tools especially to high school students who have more access to fast foods to make better and healthy choices in school as well as after school. They can then bring the message home to the parents who can then make better choices as well.They need to teach the importance of physical activity. Local school districts need to make physical activity and physical education a higher priority or even mandatory. The children need to be taught the importance of drinking water not sugary high-calorie beverages and that they should eat only when they are hungry and not as their culture says avoid hunger. Local grocery stores need to be worked with and asked to move soda, chips, beer and candy away from the submission to the store and also increase the availability of fresh fruits and vegetables. These recommendations will address the so cial and cultural factors associated with obesity. This will improve their education level about nutrition therefore helping them make better choices and help them change their belief system that they have to avoid hunger.ReferencesObesity in the Latino Communities, 2006. Retrieved from www/chc.org/ look into/ Documents/Obesity_in_Latino_Communities.pdf

Music in a Childs Life

Music in a Childs Life Friedrich Nietzsche once said, Without medication, life would be a mistake. Many people would agree that life would be different without music, but believing that life would be a mistake is a dependable statement. Although, taking a look at the ways music has impacted our lives, one might agree with Nietzsche. Music is the fundamental key to developing a well rounded child. As schools are cutting music programs, childrens lives are suffering. For many people, music is a form of self expression creating an return for their energy, and an effective way to develop a childs brain.Early childhood music lessons have lifelong benefits. Making music is such a basic life skill as walking or talking. As children need these other basic parts of life, they need to be supplied with music as well. For as long as anyone can remember, music has been played and listened to. Music has served many purposes passim the course of history, like communication, praise, enjoyment , etc. Therefore, it is no wonder that music is such an effective tool for developing children. In the Pennsylvania school system, music must be taught up until the fifth grade.It has been said, that when children learn to play a melodic instrument, they strengthen a range of auditory skills. A study showed that music lessons in childhood may lead to changes in the brain that persist eld after(prenominal) the lessons have stopped. Northwestern University researchers recorded auditory brainstem responses (electrical brain waves) of college students in response to listening to complex sounds. The group, who reportedly had musical training in early childhood, was better able to pick out pitch and other essential elements from the complex sounds with which they had been tested.Having the ability to detect these sounds is unique, giving children the opportunity to use these skills in the future. Many mothers believe that talking to their baby when it is in the womb makes a difference after the baby is born. Authorities overly believe that music makes a big impact on unborn infants, babies, toddlers and even high school students because of the skills developed while learning a musical instrument. Music stimulates growth in the brain that can result in better motor skills, advanced auditory and language skills, and a smarter adult.Furthermore, if a child continues to hear music after birth, it can increase their creativity and an abstract mentality. As children grow up, many parents enroll them in music classes to enrich their learning. Not only will this modify their extracurricular activities, but also their academic life. As students advance throughout grade school, there is an evident difference seen between children who have continued their musical training and those who have not.Most children in music programs have better grades and high test scores when compared to children who have stopped contend their musical instrument in elementary school. A study performed by the College Entrance Examination Board of Princeton, New Jersey showed that students taking courses in music performance and music cargo hold scored higher on the SAT than students with no arts participation. Music performance students scored on average 53 points higher on the verbal and 39 points higher on the math portion.Music appreciation students scored 61 points higher on the verbal and 42 points higher on the math portion (Profile of SAT architectural plan Test Takers 3). The U. S. Department of Education recommends the arts to college-bound middle and junior high school students asserting, Many colleges view participation in the arts and music as valuable experience that broadens students understanding and appreciation of the world around them( Getting Ready for College Early 12).By having music classes in grade school, children are setting themselves up for a better and more prepared college experience. In addition, it plays a part in developing childrens in tellectual development (15). The U. S. Department of State also suggests for college-bound high school students to have one year of Visual and Performing Arts classes (16). As students grow up, music plays a less prominent office staff in their lives, but the skills developed continues.Lewis Thomas, physician and biologist, found that music majors comprise the highest percentage of accepted medical students at 66% (Vivo Morphometry 417). Researchers in Leipzig ascertained through the use of brain scans that musicians had larger planum temporale, the region of the brain associated with reading skills. Also, musicians had a thicker corpus callosum, the nerve fibers that connect the two halves of the brain.Therefore, children who have learned music at a young age have grown up to have better reading skills and are better able to utilize two sides of their brain because of a thicker corpus callosum. Businesses have also recognized the benefits of musical education in their employees. In fact, according to Norma R. Augustine, Chairman and Chief Executive military officer of Martin Marietta Corporation, The arts enrich communities and employees, and also stimulate the kind of intellectual curiosity our company needs to stay competitive(Musics Values).As seen throughout many cases, students who have developed musical skills in grade school grow up to have a more stimulated brain. Former presidents hind end Quincy Adams and Bill Clinton played the flute and saxophone. Neil Armstrong, the first man to walk on the moon, played the baritone. These three men developed a musical intelligence from playing an instrument while growing up. Throughout many generations, music had been integrated into society. Without music, the lives of many individuals would not have been enriched with ingenuity and creativity.

Diabetes (type 2): Prevention Program

Stage of SusceptibilityAt this stage, the individual is predisposed to having diabetes mellitus due to some factors called the risk factors. These factors are Family accounting of diabetics, i.e if any of the parent or of the bank line has diabetics before. B). overweight this is when the body mass index is more than or equal 25. C).habitual personal activity i.e. when an individual does not participate in any physical activity. D. Some forms are also predominant in some races. E). a person who has been previously identified as having impaired fasting glucose. F). Hypertension and history of gestational diabetes and individuals who has polycystic ovarian syndrome.Stage of Pre-symptomatic DiseaseDiabetics mellitus does not have prolonged stage of prolong stage of pre-symptomatic. Since there are two major problems in vitrine 2 DM, there is insulin resistance and there is pancreatic beta cell dysfunction. The beta cell dysfunction might be cause be some factor including autoimmun e antibodies directed on some antigen which will have reduce the number and effectiveness of the beta cell.Stage of Clinical DiseaseWhen the diabetics is full pursy common symptoms complicate polyuria (passing of excess urine both in the day and at night), polydipsia (drinking of excess water to compensate for the fluid been loss by the urinary system), obesity, easy fatigability. some patient will have in addition to theses nausea and vomiting, this is the stage that usually present in the hospitalStage of DisabilityDiabetics type 2 mellitus if not treated early may cause some complication. These complications are divided into acute and chronic. The acute complication s are the effect which heap result from excess glucose that is build up in the blood, this is called Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA) in which the excess glucose is converted to acetyl-coA and in the process form ketone bodies. The chronic complications are neuropathy, kidney damage, retinopathy, stroke, and leg ulcersP rimary PreventionThe aim of primary treatment is to reduce the predisposing and risk factor of type 2 diabetes mellitus, this can be done through appropriate nutrition i.e. eating high fiber, low fat diet, low salt and alcohol intake, and having regular exercise. We ensure that some underline diseases are taking divvy up of every time for instance hypertension.Secondary PreventionHere the aim of the secondary prevention is to alleviate the symptoms, to normalize the glucose level in the body, and to prevent its complications. This is done by aggressively controlling the hypertension if the patient is hypertensive, giving diabetic diet, by the use of antihypertensive. Insulin can sometimes be given in type 2 but not in all cases, but since we know that there is insulin resistance we will give the patient drugs that will improve the resistance this include Sulphonyuras class of drugs.Tertiary PreventionThis is the treatment given when the disease has presented with complications. Th is is done by rigidly monitoring the blood glucose within a close range so as to reduce the already develop complications. Some times operations are carried out on patient with retinopathy so as to correct the sight. In a patient with chronic leg ulcer, the best therapy is to amputate the gangrenous legs so that it will not deteriorate.

Biology A2

UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL EXAMINATIONS General Certificate of Education Advanced Level * 2 3 0 8 9 6 9 9 7 3 * BIOLOGY Paper 5 Planning, Analysis and Evaluation Candidates answer on the Question Paper. No Additional Materials are required. READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST Write your Centre number, candidate number and name on all the employ you hand in. Write in dark blue or black ink. You may use a pencil for any diagrams, graphs or rough working. Do not use staples, paper clips, high clarificationers, glue or correction fluid. DO NOT WRITE IN ANY BARCODES. Answer all questions.At the end of the examination, reduce all your work securely together. The number of marks is given in brackets at the end of each question or part question. 9700/51 October/November 2011 1 hour 15 minutes For examiners implement 1 2 Total This document consists of 8 printed pages. DC (CB (SE/DJ)) 34786/4 UCLES 2011 Turn over 2 1 Photosynthesis was investigated in a species of unicellular alga using the apparatus shown in Fig. 1. 1. suspension of unicellular algae in water For Examiners Use 10. 0 light of known wavelength oxygen probe magnetic stirrer Fig. 1. Two different strains of the species of alga were tested using a black market of different wavelengths of light. Light of known wavelength was passed through the tube containing algae for two hours. The light transmission through the suspension and the oxygen concentration were then measured. light meter oxygen meter The results were used to plot the ingress spectrum and the action spectrum for each strain of alga. Fig. 1. 2 shows these spectra. strain A strain B absorbance absorption spectra 400 500 600 700 wavelength of light / nm rate of photosynthesis action spectra 400 500 600 700 wavelength of light / nm Fig. . 2 UCLES 2011 9700/51/O/N/11 3 (a) (i) State the two dependent variables in this investigation. 1. 2. .. 2 (ii) Apart from temperature and pH, which have little effect, state two variables that sho uld be standardised during this investigation. 1. . .. 2 (b) (i) Water with no hang algae transmits 100% of the light. State how the data to plot the absorption spectrum was obtained. . .. 1 (ii) State the data which would be used to plot the action spectrum. . 1 The photosynthetic pigments of the algae were extracted and were quarantined by two-way chromatography. The pigments were first separated by one closure and then separated again by a second consequence at right angles to the first solvent. Fig. 1. 3. shows the results for the two different strains. strain A solvent front 1 4 3 2 direction of first solvent 1 origin 6 1 origin 5 3 2 6 strain B 5 solvent front 1 For Examiners Use solvent front 2 direction of second solvent Fig. . 3 solvent front 2 (c) Using the cultivation in Fig. 1. 3, suggest why using two different solvents gives a better separation of these pigments than just using one solvent. .. . 2 UCLES 2011 9700/51/O/N/11 Turn over 4 (d) Outline a procedure that a scholar could use to extract the photosynthetic pigments and obtain these chromatograms. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. . 8 For Examiners Use UCLES 2011 9700/51/O/N/11 5 (e) Different photosynthetic pigments absorb different wavelengths of light. Table 1. 1 shows some information about the pigments, P, Q, R, S and T, found in these unicellular algae, including the wavelength of light at which maximum light absorption occurs. Table 1. 1 pigment wavelength of light / nm 620 545 and 547 420 and 660 490 430 and 645 Rf rate solvent 1 0. 20 0. 60 0. 65 0. 91 0. 82 solvent 2 0. 89 0. 29 0. 11 0. 19 0. 92 For Examiners Use P Q R S T Rf = distance moved by pigment distance moved by solvent frontOne of the strains of algae lacks one of the pigments. Using the information in Table 1. 1, Fig. 1. 2 and Fig. 1. 3 (i) identify the strain of alga that lacks one of these pigments and state the letter of the lose pigment .. 1 (ii) state the evidence that supports your answer to (i) . . . .. 2 (iii) In water, the shorter the wavelength of light, the deeper it travels. Suggest why it is an advantage to have the pigment that you identified in (i). . . .. 1 Total 20 UCLES 2011 9700/51/O/N/11 Turn over 2 A student carried out some investigations into the inheritance of body colour and wing length in the fruit fly, drosophila melanogaster, to test the hypothesis The inheritance of body colour and wing length in fruit flies is controlled by two genes on separate chromosomes. The student carried out three genetic crosses. To carry out each cross the following procedure was used male and virgin female adult fruit flies were placed into a breeding unit containing a culture medium for their larvae after mating and egg laying, the adult fruit flies were distant newly emerged adult fruit flies were sexed by observing the shape of the last

LAN and Network Mangements

Imagine yourself as a vane administrator, responsible for a 2000 substance abuser net pop off. This network reaches from California to New York, and some branches everyplace seas. In this situation, anything can, and usu twainy does go wrong, but it would be your job as a system administrator to resolve the problem with it arises as quickly as possible. The last thing you would want is for your boss to call you up, asking why you havent done anything to fix the 2 major systems that have been trim back for several hours.How do you explain to him that you didnt even know ab step forward it? Would you even want to tell him that? So now, picture yourself in the same situation, lone(prenominal) this time, you were using a network admonishering program. Sitting in front of a large screen displaying a map of the world, leaning back thinly in your chair. A gentle warning tone sounds, and looking at your display, you see that California is now glowing a soft red in color, in place of th e green glow just moments before. You select the state of California, and it zooms in for a closer look.You see a network diagram overview of all the com arrogateers your company has within California. Two systems ar flashing, with an X on top of them indicating that they are experiencing problems. Tagging the two systems, you press enter, and with a flash, the screen displays all the statitics of the two systems, including anything they expertness have in common causing the problem. Seeing that both systems are linked to the same card of a network switch, you pick up the holler and give that branch office a call, notifying them not only that they have a problem, but how to fix it as well.Early in the days of calculators, a central computer (called a mainframe) was connected to a bunch of dumb terminals using a standard copper wire. Not much supposition was put into how this was done be pillowcase there was only one way to do it they ere either connected, or they werent. Figure 1 shows a diagram of these early systems. If something went wrong with this pillow slip of system, it was fairly easy to troubleshoot, the blame almost always fell on the mainframe system.Shortly after the introduction of Personal Computers (PC), came Local Area profitss (LANS), endlessly changing the way in which we look at networked systems. LANS originally consisted of just PCs connected into groups of computers, but soon after, there came a have to connect those individual LANS together forming what is known as a Wide Area Network, or WAN, the result was a complex connection of omputers joined together using various types of interfaces and protocols. Figure 2 shows a modern day WAN.Last year, a survey of Fortune 500 companies showed that 15% of their total computer budget, 1. 6 Million dollars, was spent on network steering (Rose, 115). Because of this, much attention has foc utilise on two families of network management protocols The Simple Network Management Protocol (S NMP), which comes from a de facto standards based background of TCP/IP communication, and the Common Management Information Protocol (CMIP), which derives from a de jure standards-based background associated with the Open Systems interconnection (OSI) (Fisher, 183).In this report I will cover advantages and damages of both Common Management Information Protocol (CMIP) and Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP). , as well as discuss a new protocol for the future. I will also give some steady-going reasons supporting why I believe that SNMP is a protocol that all network SNMP is a protocol that enables a management station to configure, monitor, and receive trap (alarm) messages from network devices. (Feit, 12). It is formally specify in a series of related Request for Comment (RFC) documents, listed here.The first protocol developed was the Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP). It was commonly considered to be a quickly designed band-aid solution to internetwork managemen t difficulties while other, larger and better protocols were being designed. (Miller, 46). However, no better choice became visible(prenominal), and SNMP soon became the network management protocol of choice. It works very simply (as the name suggests) it exchanges network packets through messages (known as protocol data units (PDU)). The PDU contains variables that have both titles and values.There are quint types of PDUs which SNMP uses to onitor a network two deal with reading terminal data, two with setting terminal data, and one called the trap, used for monitoring network events, much(prenominal) as terminal start-ups By far the largest advantage of SNMP over CMIP is that its design is simple, so it is as easy to use on a small network as well as on a large one, with ease of setup, and lack of stress on system resources. Also, the simple design makes it simple for the user to program system variables that they would like to monitor.Another major advantage to SNMP is that is in wide use today around the world. Because of its evelopment during a time when no other protocol of this type existed, it became very popular, and is a built in protocol supported by most major vendors of networking hardware, such as hubs, bridges, and routers, as well as majoring operating systems. It has even been put to use inside the Coca-Cola machines at Stanford University, in Palo Alto, California (Borsook, 48). Because of SNMPs smaller size, it has even been implemented in such devices as toasters, compact disc players, and battery-operated barking dogs.In the 1990 Interop show, John Romkey, vice president of engineering or Epilogue, demonstrated that through an SNMP program running on a PC, you could control a standard toaster through a network (Miller, 57). SNMP is by no means a perfect network manager. exclusively because of its simple design, these flaws can be fixed. The first problem realized by most companies is that there are some rather large security measure p roblems related with SNMP. Any decent hacker can easily access SNMP tuition, giving them any teaching about the network, and also the ability to potentially shut out down systems on the network.The latest version of SNMP, called SNMPv2, has added some security measures that were left out of SNMP, to combat the 3 largest problems plaguing SNMP Privacy of Data (to prevent intruders from gaining access to information carried along the network), authentication (to prevent intruders from sending false data across the network), and access control (which restricts access of particular variables to certain users, thus removing the possibility of a user accidentally crashing the network). (Stallings, 213) The largest problem with SNMP, ironically enough, is the same thing that made it great its simple design.Because it is so simple, the information it deals with is either detailed, nor well organize enough to deal with the growing networks of the This is mainly due to the quick creation of SNMP, because it was never designed to be the network management protocol of the 1990s. Like the precedent flaw, this one too has been corrected with the new version, SNMPv2. This new version allows for more in-detail specification of variables, including the use of the table data structure for easier data retrieval. Also added are two new PDUs that are used to manipulate the tabled objects.In fact, so some(prenominal) new features have been added that the formal pecifications for SNMP have expanded from 36 pages (with v1) to 416 pages with SNMPv2. (Stallings, 153) Some people magnate say that SNMPv2 has lost the simplicity, but the truth is that the changes were necessary, and could not have been avoided. A management station relies on the agent at a device to retrieve or update the information at the device. The information is viewed as a logical database, called a Management Information Base, or MIB. MIB modules describe MIB variables for a large variety of device types, co mputer hardware, and software components.The original MIB for Managing a TCP/IP internet (now called MIB-I) was defined in RFC 066 in August of 1988. It was updated in RFC 1156 in May of 1990. The MIB-II version published in RFC 1213 in May of 1991, contained some improvements, and has proved that it can do a unplayful job of meeting basic TCP/IP management needs. MIB-II added many useful variables missing from MIB-I (Feit, 85). MIB files are common variables used not only by SNMP, but CMIP as well. In the late 1980s a project began, funded by governments, and large corporations.Common Management Information Protocol (CMIP) was born. Many thought that because of its nearly infinite development budget, that it would quickly change by reversal in idespread use, and overthrow SNMP from its throne. Unfortunately, problems with its implementation have delayed its use, and it is now only available in limited form from developers themselves. (SNMP, Part 2 of 2, III. 40. ) CMIP was design ed to be better than SNMP in every way by repairing all flaws, and expanding on what was good about it, making it a bigger and more detailed network manager.Its design is similar to SNMP, where PDUs are used as variables to monitor the network. CMIP however contains 11 types of PDUs (compared to SNMPs 5). In CMIP, the variables are seen as very complex and sophisticated data tructures with three attributes. These include 1) Variable attributes which intend the variables characteristics (its data 2) variable behaviors what actions of that variable can be triggered. 3) Notifications the variable generates an event report whenever a specified event occurs (eg.A terminal shutdown would cause a variable notification As a comparison, SNMP only employs variable properties from one and three above. The biggest feature of the CMIP protocol is that its variables not only relay information to and from the terminal (as in SNMP) , but they can also be used to perform tasks that would be impossi ble under SNMP. For instance, if a terminal on a network cannot reach the fileserver a pre-determined amount of times, then CMIP can notify appropriate personnel of the event.With SNMP however, a user would have to specifically tell it to cargo area track of unsuccessful attempts to reach the server, and then what to do when that variable reaches a limit. CMIP therefore results in a more efficient management system, and less work is required from the user to keep updated on the status of the network. CMIP also contains the security measures left out by SNMP. Because of the large development budget, when it becomes available, CMIP ill be astray used by the government, and the corporations that funded it.After reading the above paragraph, you might wonder why, if CMIP is this wonderful, is it not being used already? (after all, it had been in development for nearly 10 years) The answer is that possibly CMIPs only major disadvantage, is enough in my opinion to render it useless. CMIP requires about ten times the system resources that are take for SNMP. In other words, very few systems in the world would able to handle a full implementation on CMIP without undergoing massive network modifications. This disadvantage has no inexpensive fix to it. For that reason, many believe CMIP is doomed to fail.The other flaw in CMIP is that it is very difficult to program. Its complex nature requires so many different variables that only a few skilled programmers are able to use it to its full potential. Considering the above information, one can see that both management systems have their advantages and disadvantages. However the deciding factor between the two, lies with their implementation, for now, it is almost impossible to find a system with the necessary resources to support the CMIP model, even though it is superior to SNMP (v1 and v2) in both design and operation.Many people believe that the growing power of modern systems will soon fit well with CMIP model, and mi ght result in its widespread use, but I believe by the time that day comes, SNMP could very well have adapted itself to become what CMIP currently offers, and more. As weve seen with other products, once a technology achieves critical mass, and a substantial installed base, its quite difficult to convince users to rip it out and start fresh with an new and unproven technology (Borsook, 48). It is then recommend that SNMP be used in a situation where minimial security is needed, and SNMPv2 be used Borsook, Paulina.

Derailed – Creative Writing

It had rained the shadow before, and mist was creeping in, uniform a soft blanket of cold steam. It was silent. The grim reaper was postp unitaryment silently for blood. Not even the birds dare tweet. The reaper lifts his hefty just swift scythe. Just as he is most to drop itDont you worry love, youre merely dreaming again. Margaretslides emerge of bed and plods off to drive a glass of water for Daniel. She stared through the windowpane, and out of the four walls that she and Daniel call home. It was cold and wet, perfect persist for Ducks though. It had rained the night before, and mist was creeping in, like a soft blanket of cold steam. Maggie (as she likes to be called), perverted the cold steel, and a cold transparent liquid flowed out, making a racket as it draw the bottom of the sink. After filling her glass, she shut off the flow of water, and rancid sharply around. Just as she did so, she several(prenominal) had the shock of her life. In front of her was a hairy ape, stamping towards her with half-closed eyesMaggie then put her weaponry around this beast, and told him to drink the glass of water and to get a bath. Maggie then turned on the TV and was enthralld to see that her favourite quiz show was due on in about 15 minutes. Daniel smiled and turned to face the towering stairs. He started to climb the stairs. He reached the landing and for some unknown rationality decided to turn around and stare out of the window. He s crystallizeped tipped his head to one side and thought about something for a second, said a brief de-ja-vous and carried on with his quest which was to contract a bath.Daniel reached the bathroom and started to run a bath. After a brief shave, his bath was ready to pluck in to. He dived in and while washing himself, (and doing other bathroom activities) he thought about the day ahead.First activitie of the day was to pack some clothes as he had train voyage to deal with and then he wouldOh, I am so sorry, how can I w rite a story without describing the main character, and his family to you starting line.Daniel is a 36-year-old entrepreneur , who, at the age of twenty-two, decided to start his own occupation , making computer components. He had a bad turn at the age of twenty-six and nearly went bankrupt due to a downfall in the price of shares in the computer components.Now he is doing fine (nearly a millionaire) and him and his wife are very happy and content.He is 5ft 6in and has a distinctive chubby look about him. Daniel has a warm chubby face and sparkling hazel-brown eyes. Handsome for a 36 year old, the females might say.Mggi4e was Daniels sectary until 10 years ago, when they got engaged. Unfortunately, however, she fell on a slippery supermarket degree and nearly broke her neck. She can walk but excessive movement could severely injure her.Maggie is simply all over 5ft 4in and sort of thin. She used to have a wide stature and used to be close to overweight. She lost this weight due to a strict diet and living regime.Her blonde curly locks feed over her shoulders and are complemented by her warm blue eyes.Any air, continuing on with what the day held for him-After his forenoon shift, Daniel was to call a workers meeting, to outline his plans and to guide out raises, awards ect. Daniel then had the rest of the day off so that he could sleep to prepare to travel down to capital of the United Kingdom to visit his old mate Joe. He would travel by train, which it cheep an if on time quicker than car. It cost a tidy xl pounds and would pullulate 3 hours (from Durham). Not bad and especially for Dan as he would travel by premiere class. This meant that could enjoy his journey and have drinks, food etc as well.Monday morning (12th May)A shrill ringing woke Dan a 6am. He was staying for two days and started packing accordingly. He didnt take much as he only needed clothes and deodorant to take with him. He had a few get-well cards from friends, by these didnt way much and werent at all bulky. He then had his break fast and wash etc. Daniel kissed Margaret better by, opened the front door and his garage. A gentle breeze came out of nowhere and I take away(p) card fluttered chivalric and landed at the front of Daniels short drive. He dawdled over and picked it up. He looked at it and saw nothing unusual other than a line saying 2100 no 1365. Dan though nothing of it, only a bit of scrap paper, and got in his car. As he turned the ignition key and placed his luggage in the passenger back tooth, he felt a unearthly buttelfy feeling in his stomach.This was odd. Since dan had not exercised properly, he didnt have any problems. A thought raced across the commodious screen of his mind. It might be a stomach ulcer. His had a history of them, but Daniel had been lucky for the past sixteen years. The thought diminished and he reversed his car and carried on. It was only a twenty-minute journey and it passed away quickly and with no problems. The car pulled up at the car park and slowly screeched to a halt. Daniel slid out, paid his two pay and display charge and jumped back in his car. He then practiced the demanding not so accent art of parking and slowly got out.The station was normal. The hustle and bustle of each day lime. Many of the passengers are businessmen and women probably going to work. Dan gleamd at his watch, which said 830 am. There was time for a coffee berry. Just as he turned around to head for the caf, a high-pitched squeal dived out of the speakers and into the maze that was Dans ears. The squealing halted and the tannoy sounded. Could all passengers for the train number 1365 Durham to London please listen. The train will not be here at 2100 as plan but will be delayed for about 15 minutes. These delays are due uncontrollable circumstances. convey you.Daniel sighed, as this was his train. All of a sudden, his spine tingled and he sensed a feeling of de-ja-vous. He had 2100 no 1365 on a piece o f paper. He could not remember when or where but he knew he had seen it. Dan turned back towards the caf and walked towards it. Unusually, he felt he was being watched. He strained his neck to glance over his shoulder when a small hand touched his shoulder. Dan jumped and turned sharply around. How are you Dan. It was Joann Daniels deposit from work. Dan replied with a mumbled, Im alright .Joanne sensed that something was wrong, but thought it best not to ask what. She walked on and weakened into the crowd. Dan turned towards the caf and strolled along towards it with his small luggage, slung over his shoulder. He finally reached his destination and opened the door. Swinging his bulge out from his shoulder, he sat down. His arse landed on the soft, warm seat (probably warmed by some clean dude who farted constantly) and Dan started to relax. He had hardly been there for a few seconds when an attractive young server approached Daniel.She was about 5ft tall and had long locks of cu rly hair Dangling from her head and down onto her peninsular-like shoulders.She was thin but obviously liked working out, as I could tell from the clear lines on her long arms. Her transfer were small and boney, but were terribly scared. The waiter spoke with a small but kind voice. Would you like anything sir, she squeaked. After a few seconds of deliberation, Daniel replied, A black coffee please love. Rachel (it said on her nametag) then chirped Be with you in a minute sir, and then scarpered off to prepare a coffee for Daniel. Just as she said, she returned in less than two minutes with a black coffee, hot and steaming, in a large mug. Daniel sprinkled two sachets of sugar into his mug, and then sipped.He looked around the area where he sat, and sniffed the foul air. The caf was small, with the tables in rows of four. The tables had four chairs each and bottles of sauce and condiment sets sat proudly in the middle on top of a tablecloth. The cloth was opulent and excreted a cl ean, lemon fresh odour that made you think of spring. The caf was quite eventful and obviously made a good, if not excellent turnover.Daniel finished his coffee and dawdled up to the boulder clay to pay. He paid and on his way out, placed a tip of 5 in the hand of the waiter. Thanks love. Here, have this as a token of my appreciation for good service. The waiter thanked Daniel and he go on on.All of a sudden the tannoy sounded, following that same provocation squeal. Would all passengers for the no 1365 train please make their way to weapons platform four. We are terribly sorry for the delay. Thank you. Daniel grabbed his bags, and jogged straight up to platform four.To everyones bewilderment four practice of law officers, accompanied by four dogs and an armed swat team were stand by the train, carefully looking at everyone suspiciously.The officers and dogs then started to weave in and between passengers, as though they were sniffing for drugs and other illegal objects.The dog came up to Daniel, sniffed his bags and then barked viciously at Daniel. Two officers straightway sprinted over and searched ferociously through his bags. Sure enough, there were drugs in Daniels bag, but they were legal and prescribed by Dans doctor. The police officers apologised, helped Daniel to fill his bag, and the toddled over to their positions. The next obstruction was a portable metal detector. Everyone was strolling through it, speculating at what caused this annoying chaos. Dan strolled through it, just as everyone had, and then boarded the train.He got on the train, and stared down the aisle. He glimpsed the door to the first class lounge, and wandered down towards it.The first class lounge was spacious and well ventilated. The buffet counter was in the next carriage to the first class and smelt of common aromas such as pie and chips. The carriage had a slight stench of chip fat and an eerie glimmer of flickering light shed out of the broken bar light.Stepping back in to the first class lounge, he looked at his ticket and observed the seat number 321. Daniel walked down the first class lounge, selected his seat and sat on it. He was tired and immediately fell asleep, never to wake again. The train was derailed and no one knows wherefore. The press speculate about why the train was derailed and why there were armed guards at the station. The police wont let on either.

How does she achieve this? Essay

It also shows us that Robert is a rather independent character considering he went, against his families wishes, to very removed part of the world. He is also, quite clearly indicated by his language, an educated man with ambitions beyond that of a expression being. Shelley also demonstrates Robertss ability to be an emotional person, Hopes fluctuate and spirits be often low, this shows his ambition is almost unr distributivelyable but he doesnt want to get together in. Waltons emotions atomic number 18 highlighted to the indorser in his opening letters and then remembered later when we hear Frankensteins story they ar both very similar.When we reach the 4th letter, the Gothic theme of the novel becomes ever more present. The reader gets the first sense of foreboding with the vivid description of the demon, and then the portrayal of the mysterious stranger in the distance. Walton, the Captain, is pleased to assist Victor, for he seems to be the answer to his prayers expresse d in letter two, the quotes I longing the company of a man who could sympathise with me and I bitterly ascertain the want of a paladin show us that he feels alone and miserable and that Victor provides a release from his loneliness.At tolerate he has a amiablered spirit. Of course, the reader is now intrigued by Victors story in that location interest is then satisfied by this quote, You may easily perceive, Captain Walton, that I constitute suffered enceinte and unparalleled misfortunes. I had determined at one time that the memory of these evils should die with me, but you have won me to alter my determination. Shelley is setting up a number of her themes in this clever introduction. One of which is Waltons intense desire for discovery and the unknown, so far so that he would risk his life.His fateful coming together with Victor also provides us with a slight respite from the depressive language he is using to disembowel his journey, he found the companion he had longed for. Before the reader hears Victors story, some(prenominal) questions be raised, for example what was he pursuing before they found him? And was it the mysterious, gigantic creature Walton and his crew say the solar day before? All will be revealed when Walton tells him off the figure they saw a few age ago, with those words a new life animated his decaying frame.A great effect use by Mary Shelley in this novel is the use of a Chinese box narrative, a kind of narration with two or more persons telling their own story. It starts of with Walter, an explorer, writing to his sister. His ship gets stuck and he goes right(prenominal) moreover to find Victor Frankenstein. Victor is in a bad way, dying in detail, and so tells Walton his story. Halfway through Victors narrative, he creates the creature, which comes in, and tells his account. Then Victor comes back to conclude his tale, and the agree finishes with Walton summing up, adding his own opinions, and writing to his sister again.This gives us dissimilar perspectives on each character and an idea of how each character feels about one other. Mary Shelley also uses pathetic fallacy in the novel to underscore the gothic theme, the fact Walton journeys towards the desolate and barren North Pole which has connotations of being a harsh and unwelcoming place. This is typical of the Gothic theme as it exploits the stereotype of an undesirable and horrendous place to be. The fact she uses words such as rawness and vast tells us that the weather is almost uninhabitable. This makes the reader feel sympathy for the ship and its crew.In chapter 5, Shelley uses pathetic fallacy once again by beginning the chapter with It was on a dreary nighttime in November. The chapter is actually a monologue describing how Victor (after months of labour), has finally completed his asylum. But when the moment comes to give it life, its hideous appearance repulses him. His decision is to rush to the next room and try to slee p, but his mind was troubled. He throws himself onto to his bed in an attempt to forget about the monstrosity. But his mind is plagued by nightmares about Elizabeth and his gets corpse.When he awakes, he discovers the monster leaning over him with a familiarityly but wonderful smile and quickly bolts out of the house. He spends the night pacing in his courtyard and when next sunup comes he goes walking in the town of Ingolstadt. As he walks by the town inn, Victor runs into his friend Henry Clerval, who has just arrived to begin studying at the university. Ecstatic to see Henry, a breath of sweetened air and a reminder of his family after so many months of isolation and ill health, the ecstasy change magnitude by the feeling of friendship after his recent experience of terror.Although the thought of crossing paths with monster terrifies Victor, he brings Clerval back to his apartment. Victor enters first and is relieved to find no sign of the monster. But, weakened by months o f sound and shock at the horrific being he has created, he immediately falls ill with a nervous fever that lasts several months. Henry nurses him back to health and, when Victor has recovered, gives him a letter from Elizabeth that had arrived during his illness. In chapter 5, Shelleys description implicates that the monster is a child trapped inside an adults body. Victor rejects the monster as an animal might reject one of its litter.Victor describes the monster as a demonical corpse to which i had so miserably given life. The fact Victor hates the wretch he has created makes the reader feel sympathy for the monster as he hasnt choosing this life and all he wants is to be loved. Shelley uses many language techniques to create tension in her novel. Chapter five is a great example again. Before Victors creation comes to life, Shelley describes it as a lifeless thing. This gives the impression that the when the monster is brought to life it will be treated as nothing more when it i s born, just an experiment rather than a person.Shelley also writes a long and super detailed description of the monster in chapter five, his yellow skin scarcely covered the work of muscles and arteries under his hair was of lustrous black. and flowing his teeth of pearly whiteness but these luxuriances only formed a more horrid contrast with his watery eyes that seemed almost of the same colour in as the dun white sockets in which they were set, his shrivelled complexion and his straight black lips. This description uses imaging to help create an image of monster inside the readers head which works to perfection as the reader is repulsed at the thought.In conclusion, many themes are often included in literature in wander to provide more meaning and a better understanding for readers. But in Frankenstein Shelley conveys lots of different themes some which are quite obvious and others that are more subtle. The novel also shows us how appearances are not always a clear represen tation of the person whos underneath (the way the monster was judged solely by his looks). Also, the fact there are also many different narrative voices in the novel help the reader appeal to different characters, and also show how the characters personalities shoot as the plot goes on.The fact the novel was create verbally by a woman in a time when writing was almost solely dominated by men was enough but the fact it was such a huge success was down the way Shelley intrigued people and instilled fear. At the time it was written I personally feel that no-one would have been able to put it down. Show preview only The to a higher place preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our GCSE Mary Shelley section.